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 <br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to facilitate the advancement of reinforcement learning [algorithms](https://privat-kjopmannskjaer.jimmyb.nl). It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](http://thinkwithbookmap.com) research study, making released research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a simple user interface for connecting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have actually been [transferred](https://happylife1004.co.kr) to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
 <br>Gym Retro<br>
 <br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for [support knowing](https://git.opskube.com) (RL) research study on computer game [147] using RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize in between games with comparable concepts but different looks.<br>
 <br>RoboSumo<br>
 <br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot agents initially do not have knowledge of how to even stroll, however are offered the objectives of learning to move and to press the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial learning procedure, the representatives learn how to adjust to changing conditions. When a representative is then eliminated from this virtual environment and put in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had found out how to [stabilize](http://www.hcmis.cn) in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors in between agents might create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase a representative's ability to operate even outside the context of the competition. [148]
 <br>OpenAI 5<br>
 <br>OpenAI Five is a group of five OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human gamers at a high skill level completely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public demonstration took place at The [International](http://plus.ngo) 2017, the yearly best championship competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live individually matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had found out by playing against itself for 2 weeks of actual time, which the learning software application was a step in the direction of developing software that can manage intricate tasks like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a form of reinforcement knowing,  [forum.altaycoins.com](http://forum.altaycoins.com/profile.php?id=1074946) as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as [killing](https://careers.indianschoolsoman.com) an opponent and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156]
 <br>By June 2018, the ability of the [bots broadened](https://gitlab.edebe.com.br) to play together as a full team of 5, and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The [International](https://955x.com) 2018,  [garagesale.es](https://www.garagesale.es/author/toshahammon/) OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against professional gamers, however wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
 <br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the challenges of [AI](https://janhelp.co.in) [systems](https://www.elitistpro.com) in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has actually shown using deep support knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 matches. [166]
 <br>Dactyl<br>
 <br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes maker discovering to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate [physical objects](http://168.100.224.793000). [167] It finds out totally in simulation utilizing the exact same [RL algorithms](https://git.cbcl7.com) and [training](https://teba.timbaktuu.com) code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the [learner](https://dramatubes.com) to a range of experiences rather than attempting to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking cameras, likewise has [RGB video](https://drapia.org) cameras to permit the robot to control an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system was able to [control](https://academia.tripoligate.com) a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
 <br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might resolve a Rubik's Cube. The robot had the ability to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. [Objects](https://washcareer.com) like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the effectiveness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of creating progressively [harder environments](http://ggzypz.org.cn8664). ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to specify randomization varieties. [169]
 <br>API<br>
 <br>In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](https://git.itbcode.com) designs developed by OpenAI" to let designers contact it for "any English language [AI](https://agora-antikes.gr) task". [170] [171]
 <br>Text generation<br>
 <br>The business has popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
 <br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br>
 <br>The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was [composed](https://gogs.koljastrohm-games.com) by [Alec Radford](https://drapia.org) and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative model of language might obtain world knowledge and process long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br>
 <br>GPT-2<br>
 <br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with just [limited demonstrative](http://152.136.187.229) versions at first launched to the general public. The complete variation of GPT-2 was not right away launched due to issue about possible abuse, including applications for composing fake news. [174] Some professionals revealed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a significant threat.<br>
 <br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to spot "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180]
 <br>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose learners, shown by GPT-2 attaining state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the design was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br>
 <br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It prevents certain concerns encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
 <br>GPT-3<br>
 <br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a not being watched transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI mentioned that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as couple of as 125 million parameters were likewise trained). [186]
 <br>OpenAI specified that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" tasks and  [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:JimRuse59659) could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning in between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184]
 <br>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or encountering the basic capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not right away released to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary personal beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
 <br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed solely to Microsoft. [190] [191]
 <br>Codex<br>
 <br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://christianpedia.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a dozen programs languages, most successfully in Python. [192]
 <br>Several problems with glitches, style defects and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196]
 <br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of giving off copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197]
 <br>OpenAI announced that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
 <br>GPT-4<br>
 <br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of [Generative Pre-trained](https://academia.tripoligate.com) Transformer 4 (GPT-4),  [oeclub.org](https://oeclub.org/index.php/User:EloiseLaflamme8) capable of [accepting text](https://letsstartjob.com) or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated technology passed a simulated law school bar exam with a rating around the leading 10% of [test takers](https://repos.ubtob.net). (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also read, evaluate or create as much as 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all major shows languages. [200]
 <br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caution that GPT-4 retained a few of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is also [capable](https://flexychat.com) of taking images as input on [ChatGPT](https://www.fightdynasty.com). [202] OpenAI has actually decreased to expose various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the model. [203]
 <br>GPT-4o<br>
 <br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and launched GPT-4o, which can [process](http://82.19.55.40443) and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
 <br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller variation of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and  [hb9lc.org](https://www.hb9lc.org/wiki/index.php/User:HeatherBurbach6) $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be especially beneficial for enterprises, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](http://www.becausetravis.com) representatives. [208]
 <br>o1<br>
 <br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1 and o1-mini models, which have been [developed](https://www.flytteogfragttilbud.dk) to take more time to think of their responses, leading to greater precision. These designs are especially efficient in science, coding, and [reasoning](http://git.befish.com) tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211]
 <br>o3<br>
 <br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and  [disgaeawiki.info](https://disgaeawiki.info/index.php/User:Elida13I671) much faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms companies O2. [215]
 <br>Deep research<br>
 <br>Deep research study is a representative established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 design to perform extensive web browsing, information analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools enabled, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE ([Humanity's](https://www.personal-social.com) Last Exam) benchmark. [120]
 <br>Image classification<br>
 <br>CLIP<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to evaluate the semantic similarity between text and images. It can notably be utilized for image classification. [217]
 <br>Text-to-image<br>
 <br>DALL-E<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to translate natural language inputs (such as "a green leather bag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can produce pictures of sensible things ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with [objects](https://nmpeoplesrepublick.com) that do not exist in [reality](http://gitlab.boeart.cn) ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.<br>
 <br>DALL-E 2<br>
 <br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the model with more realistic results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a brand-new primary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
 <br>DALL-E 3<br>
 <br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to create images from complex descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222]
 <br>Text-to-video<br>
 <br>Sora<br>
 <br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can generate videos based upon short detailed prompts [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of produced videos is unidentified.<br>
 <br>Sora's development group called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to symbolize its "limitless innovative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that function, but did not reveal the number or the exact sources of the videos. [223]
 <br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15,  [wavedream.wiki](https://wavedream.wiki/index.php/User:CharaLamontagne) 2024, stating that it might create videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the approaches utilized to train the design, and the model's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, including battles simulating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the [presentation videos](http://hmind.kr) "excellent", however noted that they should have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's typical output. [225]
 <br>Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have shown significant interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the technology's ability to generate reasonable video from text descriptions, mentioning its prospective to transform storytelling and material production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to pause plans for broadening his Atlanta-based film studio. [227]
 <br>Speech-to-text<br>
 <br>Whisper<br>
 <br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment along with speech translation and language identification. [229]
 <br>Music generation<br>
 <br>MuseNet<br>
 <br>[Released](http://ggzypz.org.cn8664) in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a song produced by MuseNet tends to [start fairly](https://gitea.ws.adacts.com) however then fall into mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web mental thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233]
 <br>Jukebox<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs tune [samples](http://music.afrixis.com). OpenAI specified the tunes "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the songs do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's highly remarkable, even if the results seem like mushy versions of tunes that may feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, some of the resulting tunes are appealing and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
 <br>Interface<br>
 <br>Debate Game<br>
 <br>In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches makers to discuss toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a method may help in auditing [AI](http://xn--950bz9nf3c8tlxibsy9a.com) choices and in developing explainable [AI](https://git.rankenste.in). [237] [238]
 <br>Microscope<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of eight [neural network](http://xn--80azqa9c.xn--p1ai) models which are frequently studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was created to examine the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The designs included are AlexNet, VGG-19, various [variations](http://82.157.77.1203000) of Inception, and various variations of CLIP Resnet. [241]
 <br>ChatGPT<br>
 <br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational interface that permits users to ask questions in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br>